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This is an alphabetic list of achievements in science and technology made by Indigenous peoples of the Americas during the 13,500 years or more that they have inhabited the American continent. ==A== abstract art- Abstract art was used by nearly all tribes and civilizations of North and South America. Native American art was believed to be primitive until the 1990s, when it served as inspiration for the modern American abstract art movement.〔http://mexikaresistance.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/american-indian-contributions-to-the-world.pdf〕 adobe- Adobe was used by the peoples from South America, Mesoamerica, and up to Southwestern tribes of the U.S. It is estimated that it was developed around the year 3000 BC.〔 almanacs- Almanacs were invented independently by the Maya. Their culture arose and they began using them around 3,500 years ago, while Europeans are known to have created written almanacs only after 1150 AD. Almanacs are books containing meteorological and astronomical information, which the Maya used in various aspects of their life.〔 alpacas-The Andean Native Americans were amongst the first to domesticate Alpacas.〔 anesthetics- American Indians used coca, peyote, datura and other plants for partial or total loss of sensation or conscious during surgery. Western doctors had effective anesthetics only after the mid-19th century. Before this, they either had to perform surgery while the patient felt pain or knock the patient out.〔 apartment blocks-The Anasazi and other tribes which once thrived in the present day South-West of the USA, developed complex multistory apartment complexes, some of which are still in use today. The Native Pueblo communities in present-day New Mexico continue to reside in some of these ancient multistory apartment complexes which were constructed by their ancestors many centuries ago, even before the first apartments were built in the United States during the 18th century. Pueblo Bonito, one of the seminal archaeological sites today is a marvelous example of this ancient Native American multistory apartment complex construction technology from the Anasazi and Hohokom time periods about a thousand years ago.〔 art to be viewed from space-The Nazca lines were created by the ancient Nazca in modern-day Peru. The Nazca built these artworks, which could only be viewed from the sky or from space. It was as if the ancient Nazca were building monuments, which only their Gods could view from up in the sky. Some of these artworks, otherwise known as the Nazca Lines, could only be viewed from the sky and each one of these amazing works of Nazca art spans several miles across in size and dimension in the Peruvian desert.〔 aqueducts-The ancient Andean Native American cultures such as Chimu and the Moche lived in very dry environments. Yet, despite the dryness of the areas where these Native American peoples resided, they were able to thrive, build great cities, towns, and civilizations. This was largely due to farming in these dry regions, which these peoples engaged in and farming is largely dependent upon the availability of fresh water. Using extensive aqueducts, these Native Americans were able to transport water from the rivers, mountain streams, and lakes to their fields and build the food base required for building great civilizations. The Incan later expanded on these already constructed aqueducts and built even more complex and large aqueduct system in the Incan Empire.〔 The Mesoamerican Aztecs also constructed complex aqueducts to bring water to their vast city of Tenochtitlan.〔 aspirin- Native Americans have been using willow tree bark for thousands of years to reduce fever and pain as were the ancient peoples of Assyria, Sumer, Egypt and Greece. When chemists analyzed willows in the last century, they discovered salicylic acid,. the basis of the modern drug aspirin.〔http://starryskies.com/articles/dln/1-01/asprin.html〕 atlatl- Paleo-Indians from over 6,000 years ago had developed a highly developed spear thrower in the form of the atlatl to hunt wooly mammoths, giant sloths, mastodon, muskox, giant beaver, early caribou, steppe wisent, saber-toothed cat, and other pleistocene animals. Using the atlatl, these ancient Paleo-Indians were able to traverse much of the Americas from Alaska down to Mexico and Central America and into South America, all the way down to Chile as they hunted and followed these pleistocene megafauna within a short 3,000 year time period from about 14,500 years ago to about 11,500 year ago.〔Paleo-Indians〕 avocado- Native Americans were the first to domesticate and grow avocado.〔http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs141p2_024206.pdf〕 apple 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Native American contributions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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